『漫游』酷论坛>『海外生活』>求改英文论文 (朋友写 ..
Harmatia@2003-12-03 04:30
发在这里就可以了
谢谢
PS：如果有意外而无法完成，请尽早明示 ^_^
jsan@2003-12-03 04:37
The correction is done. But I did the corrections in color and it is not showing up here.
Harmatia@2003-12-03 05:52
Oh wow, thanks again. Is it possible to just post the corrected version without the faulty text?
jsan@2003-12-03 06:02
I will do that. I will leave my suggestions in ()
jsan@2003-12-03 06:06
There need to be 2 spaces after each sentence before the next one. Please make that change.
The process of policymaking in Canadian government
ESSAY QUESTION: In order to better understand the process of policy formation in Canadian government, trace the passage of a proposal for a policy through all the stages of the process beginning with the development of the proposal in the convention of the government party just before a national election. Be sure to deal with all the possible forces which may be brought to bear both in government and in the wider community. You may use an example of a hypothetical policy if that assists you in dealing with the answer.
I will correct the grammar.
To understand the process of policy formation one need to first gain an understanding of the policymaking process. Public policy can be defined as “ a course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address a given problem or interrelated set of problems.” A policy that requires the passage of a new law or an amendment to an existing law is interpreted by the courts. The actual process can be divided into six phases; initiation, priority-setting, policy formulation, legitimation, implementation, and interpretation. A example of a newly made policy is ________(name of policy) by the Liberal Party just before the ____(year) national election.
From the question statement I know that the Liberal Party already pointed out an issue in the convention, therefore I identify the process of making an issue in the convention as the initiation step in the policymaking process. The question states that the policy is made in the convention, but on a smaller scale, a single minister also can make such a decision. (I don’t know what you are talking about. What is the name of the convention? Please refer to something specific)
The second phase of the policymaking process is Priority-setting. The prime minister and the cabinet decide which of the proposals they have previously selected for consideration are worthy of adoption. In other words, they must determine the general lines of the new initiative. With that goal in mind, since the prime minister is the leader of the Liberal Party, therefore the decision of the Liberal Party will be the prime minister and cabinet’s decision. Once the cabinet has approved a proposal in principle, it sends a directive to the bureaucracy to work out the details, which means adding meat to the skeleton of an proposed policy. This is also the third phase of the policymaking process—policy formulation. The policy formulation process is usually very time-consuming and requires coordination among many federal government departments. It may also involve consultation with provincial governments, and other interest groups. For an issue to become a policy consensus among many people is necessary. Questions may be referred back to the cabinet for further direction, and eventually a Memorandum to Cabinet is submitted outlining the policy in detail. Assuming the proposal requires legislative action, the policy formulation stage culminates in a bill being drafted on the basis of the Memorandum to Cabinet.
The proposal then enters the legislative arena, as did the bill in question. This is the fourth phase of the policymaking process--legitimation. The relevant minister may accept technical alterations to the bill as it proceeds through the House of Commons and the Senate, but the main intent or principle of the bill cannot be changed without approval from the cabinet. The cabinet and members of Parliament contribute political expertise to the process. However, due to the shortage of time and limited technical expertise of the legislative branch, most bills are passed on in outline form without most details. The legitimation stage ends with the token approval of the governor general, signifying that the policy has been officially sanctioned.
Royal assent is unnecessary for the policymaking process. A policy must be implemented in order to be made effective, not just sitting on the statute book. Implementation is the fifth phase of the policymaking process. Implementation almost always involves the drafting of detailed regulations by the bureaucracy. Even though the policy has the same legal standing as if it was part of the enabling statute, the regulations that a law authorizes the executive to make is given only the scarcest scrutiny by either ministers or Parliament, and thus _________(regulations? policies? What?) are almost the exclusive preserve of the bureaucracy. Implementation normally requires the setting up of new administrative machinery, new staff, agencies, field offices, operational manuals and other necessities. Usually, the implementation process will take more time and money than anticipated; a fundamental flaw in the current policy implementation procedure.
If new legislation is involved in the policy making process, the new policy is often subject to judicial interpretation. This will be the last phase of the policymaking process—interpretation. In reality, not every policy needs to go through this phrase. Judges always have impact on laws and regulations by means of how they interpreted them. However, the law’s very constitutionality may be challenged in the courts. In such a case, the judiciary must decide whether the provisions of the law are contrary to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms or to the division of powers between federal and provincial governments. For example, the gun control _____(law? Policy?) was subjected to such judicial interpretation.
Besides the process of policymaking, there are two other areas that are important in the policy formation process. The first area is why the liberal party chooses this policy to process in the convention? The key phrase here is ‘just before a national election’. There are six reasons force the Liberal Party to make a policy like this.
The first reason is election pressure. A policy just before a national election can influence electors’ choices. At the national level, political parties usually set up a campaign committee about two years before they expect the election to be called. The committee start to think about election relation issues such as strategy, policy, image, and budget. Mean while party headquarters conduct public opinion polls to see how the voters perceive the various leaders, parties, and issues. For the party in power, such polls are central to deciding when to call the election in the first place, and for all major parties, polls serve to guider general strategy, media advertising, and the selection of priority riding once the campaign begins. (These revelations also cast doubt on the question of whether elections provide a policy mandate for the successful party. First, Canadian parties rarely present a comprehensive election platform in the campaign. Next, victorious parties do not seem to feel bound by the specific policies that they proposed. In the third place, the limited extent to which issues play a part in the campaign seriously detracts from the claim of any government that it has a mandate to pursuer a particular policy. Dose this belong here?) As the party which manages the federal government, the Liberal Party can make policy to satisfy election’s requirement. This is also the main aim to make this policy at this particular time. But there are other reasons that force the Liberal Party to make a policy before a national election.
The second reason for the Liberal Party to make a policy is pressure from (Pressure) lobby groups. A lobby or interest group can be defined as any group that seeks to influence government policy without contesting elections, that is, without putting forward its own candidates. Lobby Groups can divide in Business groups, for instance, Business Council on National Issues; Nonbusiness groups, for instance, the Canadian Labour Congress; and other categorizations of pressure groups, for instance, the Canadian Council on Social Development (I don’t know what you are talking about. Please rework it. Don’s use so many for instance). Each policy community consists of a grouping of government agencies, pressure groups, corporations, institutions, media people, and individuals who have an interest in that particular policy and attempt to influence it. It is sometimes claimed that most public decisions in Canada emerge from the interaction of three agents: the cabinet, the senior public service, and the pressure groups. (It is always that way)
The Liberal Party is under pressure for the Mass media’s and this is often the third reason why a policy is made. The phrase public opinion sometimes implies that a unanimous, informed view on a particular issue is held by all members of the public. Nevertheless, public opinions about topic issues frequently influence the actions of government. From the mass media research, government will know what the emergency requirement of community is. Public opinion shows up in polls during election period. Perhaps the main issue that arises in the discussion of polls and pollsters is whether their pre-election predictions influence the election results. On the other hand, the polls probably have a significant indirect effect on the election results. Polls definitely detract from the discussion of real issues in the election campaign. Many defeated candidates have blamed their fate on negative public opinion polls. This demonstrates the influence of mass media.
The fourth reason of The Liberal Party makes a policy is under opposition pressure.(You used the same sentence for opening of at least 3 paragraphs in a row already. Please rework this opening) In order to defeat rival in the coming election, the federal party needs to make some policies to get a more advantageous position.
The fifth reason of the Liberal Party makes a policy is under Provinces pressure. (same reason as above) Provinces’ supports are important in national election, so the federal party needs to satisfy provinces’ requirements. Different province has different needs, so a policy needs to satisfy most provinces’ requirements. For instance, the Chretien Liberals were popular with provincial governments in offering funds under the national infrastructure program, and were somewhat successful in negotiating a reduction in provincial barriers to the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital across the country in the Agreement on Internal Trade.
The last reason for the Liberal Party makes a policy is under U.S.A pressure. Because of the economical reasons, Canadian policies are strongly influence by United States. No matter under what influences, the only aim of the federal party to make a policy before national election is to get more supports for winning in the election.
The second important area is how to bring the policy to bear in the wider community when it becomes a law? After the policy passed the policymaking process, which means the policy just bring to bear in government, there are four ways to bring the policy into the wider community. The first way is Mass media advertising. Newspaper, radio, and television are most effective ways to advertise a policy in the community. Research shown that most of the information Canadians receive about the political process comes from television, newspapers, or radio, rather than from books or magazines. Although books or magazines also ways to make people know a policy. The media tell people what to think about, what the important issues are (rework please. It is not a good point to make). The second way _______ (of what?) is through the federal government’s supports. Built a new agency to deal with the feedback of the policy, will help to solve the possible problems in execute process; enforce the advertising of the policy and will help residents understand the policy more quickly. Both of these ploys can bring the policy to bear in the community. In order to bring a policy to bear in the community, not only the federal government’s supports are needed, but also the provinces’ supports. Although the federal government spends money to develop the policy, provinces governments still need to spend money to support the policy. In the exercise of spending power, Ottawa was able to establish national standards in a number of social programs, which means provinces governments need to follow the federal government’s lead. But due to the decline of cooperative federalism, the federal government’s policy needs provinces governments’ active supports. A policy that provinces governments executed will be more effective in the community than only depends on the federal government implementation. The last way of bring a policy to bear in the community is take in account of the French culture and aboriginal issues. Quebec is often a problem when come to execute a policy from the federal government. In order to bring a policy to bear in the Quebec community, not only the advertising need to be down in French, but also needs to take into account the culture background of the community. Aboriginal issue is another point needs to take care when execute a policy to bear in the community. Respecting aboriginal culture and give their independence to deal with the policy will be the best way to execute in this area.
A policy has been made before a national election has several purposes. The most significant purpose will be making the policy as a jetton in the coming national election. The second purpose will be keeping balance between various forces. The third purpose will be improving the living standard of Canadians.
Harmatia@2003-12-03 06:50
非常感谢，酬金这就发放。 ^_^
jsan@2003-12-03 07:09
Hope it is what your friend is looking for. Best of the luck.
Harmatia@2003-12-03 07:10
引用
最初由 jsan 发布
Hope it is what your friend is looking for.
如果不是我也不管了，活活活。
jsan@2003-12-03 07:13
引用
最初由 Harmatia 发布
如果不是我也不管了，活活活。
Don't stress too much.
Think of better things ahead, like gets presents at X-mas. ^__^
Harmatia@2003-12-03 07:14
因为生日就在十二月，所以没人给我圣诞礼物的 -_-
but enjoy yours :p
jsan@2003-12-03 07:23
引用
最初由 Harmatia 发布
因为生日就在十二月，所以没人给我圣诞礼物的 -_-
Sorry to hear that. But I think you should train the people around you to get you presents for birthday and X-mas. My father's birthday is in December as well, he may get all the gifts on the same day but they are always double the amount.
seiyafan@2003-12-03 10:48
Just exactly how would you train the people? :D
jsan@2003-12-03 12:27
引用
最初由 seiyafan 发布
Just exactly how would you train the people? :D
As a woman I think you should know that by now.
aaabbbccc@2003-12-03 18:32
gift will be gift only when given by free will.
and i think spell and gramma check can be done by M$word.
seiyafan@2003-12-04 00:31
引用
最初由 jsan 发布
As a woman I think you should know that by now.
I see, so that's what I had been missing in the last 7 years.
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