1：解释贴出来你就知道为什么不放片里了
Topological defect
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In mathematics and physics, a topological soliton or a topological defect is a solution of a system of partial differential equations or of a quantum field theory that can be proven to exist because the boundary conditions entail the existence of homotopically distinct solutions. Typically, this occurs because the boundary on which the boundary conditions are specified has a non-trivial homotopy group which is preserved by differential equations; the solutions to the differential equations are then topologically distinct, and are classified by their homotopy class. Topological defects are not only stable against small perturbations, but cannot decay or be undone or be de-tangled, precisely because there is no continuous transformation that will map them (homotopically) to a uniform or "trivial" solution.
Examples include the soliton or solitary wave which occurs in many exactly solvable models, the screw dislocations in crystalline materials, the Skyrmion and the Wess-Zumino-Witten model in quantum field theory.
Topological defects are believed to drive phase transitions in condensed matter physics. Notable examples of topological defects are observed in Lambda transition universality class systems including: screw/edge-dislocations in liquid crystals, magnetic flux tubes in superconductors, vortices in superfluids.
Cosmology
Certain grand unified theories predict topological defects to have formed in the early universe. According to the Big Bang theory, the universe cooled from an initial hot, dense state triggering a series of phase transitions much like what happens in condensed-matter systems. In physical cosmology, a topological defect is an (often) stable configuration of matter predicted by some theories to form at phase transitions in the very early universe.
Symmetry breakdown
Depending on the nature of Symmetry breakdown, various solitons are believed to have formed in the early universe according to the Higgs-Kibble mechanism. The well-known topological defects are magnetic monopoles, cosmic strings, domain walls, Skyrmions and textures.
As the universe expanded and cooled, symmetries in the laws of physics began breaking down in regions that spread at the speed of light; topological defects occur where different regions came into contact with each other. The matter in these defects is in the original symmetric phase, which persists after a phase transition to the new asymmetric new phase is completed.
Types of topological defects
Various different types of topological defects are possible, with the type of defect formed being determined by the symmetry properties of the matter and the nature of the phase transition. They include:
Domain walls, two-dimensional membranes that form when a discrete symmetry is broken at a phase transition. These walls resemble the walls of a closed-cell foam, dividing the universe into discrete cells.
Cosmic strings are one-dimensional lines that form when an axial or cylindrical symmetry is broken.
Monopoles, point-like defects that form when a spherical symmetry is broken, are predicted to have magnetic charge, either north or south (and so are commonly called "magnetic monopoles").
Textures form when larger, more complicated symmetry groups are completely broken. They are not as localized as the other defects, and are unstable. Other more complex hybrids of these defect types are also possible.
Observation
Topological defects are extremely high-energy phenomena and are likely impossible to produce in artificial Earth-bound physics experiments, but topological defects that formed during the universe's formation could theoretically be observed.
No topological defects of any type have yet been observed by astronomers, however, and certain types are not compatible with current observations; in particular, if domain walls and monopoles were present in the observable universe, they would result in significant deviations from what astronomers can see. Theories that predict the formation of these structures within the observable universe (see: inflation) can therefore be largely ruled out. On the other hand, cosmic strings have been suggested as providing the initial 'seed'-gravity around which the large-scale structure of the cosmos of matter has condensed. Textures are similarly benign. In late 2007, a cold spot in the cosmic microwave background was interpreted as possibly being a sign of a texture lying in that direction.[1]
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2：翻译有自己的想法，表达上的不同意见若未受理请见谅
